Well, those sentences are pretty cliché but true. We all know that the world and our lives are ephemeral. Common sense. Yet, we may need to remind ourselves of it at certain points in our respective lives.

The world and life are temporary.

I have read and listened to the history of the English language. The language we use today is quite different from the (same) language English speakers used in the past. Currently, we use Modern English. English is not my mother tongue, so I will use a native speaker as an example.

History.

If a Modern English native speaker were thrown back about a millennium ago, he/she would not understand the English native speakers of that era. They spoke Old English, also known as Anglo-Saxon, which was used in Britain roughly from the 5th to the 11th century.

Example.

In my case, I came across a poem titled The Wanderer from that era. The original verses were spoken in Old English. Here is an excerpt, which also happens to be my favorite quote of the poem, “Oft ic sceolde ana uhtna gehwylce mine ceare cwiþan. Nis nu cwicra nan þe ic him modsefan minne durre sweotule asecgan.”

A poem from Old English.

“Often I had alone to speak of my trouble each morning before dawn. There is none now living to whom I dare clearly speak of my innermost thoughts.

We would not understand the sentences without reading the Modern English translation, would we? Everything has its time, including language.Right now, English is not yet extinct, but think of how many languages that once existed in this world have already disappeared. Perhaps the English we speak today won’t be understood by people fluent in English centuries after our death? Or perhaps the English language will have gone extinct by then? Who knows?The world is changing, and so are languages.

Afterword.

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Society, Arts & Culture

The World is Changing, and so are Languages

Ending up to purchase a bestseller is often a quick and easy way to decide “which book to buy or read” so that we would not waste money and time if we assume that “a bestseller is probably a good book”. Bestsellers can also help us stay in the loop, be trendy, and keep up with what a lot of people are talking about.But now, let’s think about the less-known books for a moment.

Foreword.

It also helps us see things from different perspectives; common ones, rare ones, or even ones we might disagree with. This type of book might be unique and not fit the mainstream taste. However, it might have qualities that people haven’t noticed as the book isn’t largely well-known.

Picking a less-known book somehow can lead us to unique ideas.

There might just be not enough promotion, less catchy title, less famous author, or it might be the contents that might not match general tastes. In fact, just like bestsellers, there are plenty of less-known books with great contents.

When a book is not that popular, it doesn’t mean the book is not good at all.

In the end, there’s no right or wrong choice between bestsellers and less-known books. It can be a good idea to read both to have a well-rounded reading experience.

productivity

Productivity

Why Less-Known Books Are Worth Reading

<ol><li class="ql-align-justify">Talking about producing, creating, building, or constructing something.</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Talking about the origin of a thing, where it's from, what it's made from.</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Talking about a reaction and making plans.</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Talking about speaking or sounds.</li><li class="ql-align-justify">When preparing food (we use the word make, not prepare).</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Force or obligate someone to do something.</li><li class="ql-align-justify">In a few common expressions.</li></ol>

When to use MAKE

<ol><li class="ql-align-justify">For activities and obligations, especially things that we do/have to do on a regular basis.</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Talking about work/study.</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Talking about non-specific activities like thing/something.</li><li class="ql-align-justify">To replace an obvious verb.</li><li class="ql-align-justify">As an auxiliary verb.</li></ol>

When we use DO

YES!!! There is a rule for MAKE and DO!! In this lesson, you will learn the rule, and you'll also learn 100 expressions with MAKE or DO!!
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► TRANSCRIPTION:
00:00 Intro: The Rule for MAKE and DO
Hey, could you do me a favour? Make me a favour? Man, isn't there a rule so we know when to use do and when to use make in English? Yes, there is. Let's have a look.

Now I've got lots of videos on commonly confused words and I've made a playlist for you which you can watch up there after this video. But today let's look at the rule for make and do in English. 

00:33 When to use MAKE in English grammar
We have lots to learn today. So let's start right now.

I want you to look at these examples and tell me what they all have in common. A list, a mess, a sandwich, a paper, aeroplane. So what do all these have in common? Well, they're all things that we can create or produce or build or construct. And when we're talking about things like that, we use make. So let's have a look at some other examples of things we can create or produce or build and they don't have to be physical things, as we will see here. You can make a profit, make a loss, make money, or make a sale, make a sweater, make a scarf, or make a cup of tea. They're all things we can produce. So we use make.

OK, look at these expressions here. Bread is made from flour. This toy was made in China. Well, we use make when we're talking about the origin of something like, where does it come from? It's from China. How is it made? It's made from flour. So when we're talking about the origin, we use make.

OK, look at these expressions. Pollen makes me sneeze. Driving makes her tired. I told her a joke and it made her laugh. Can you see what these expressions have in common? We're talking about a reaction, causing a reaction. OK, my reaction to pollen is that it makes me sneeze. So this grammatical construction is really useful when we're talking about the reaction that something causes. Some other examples are this television programme makes me laugh. Sometimes I watch the news and it makes me sad. Don't say that to him. You will make him angry.

Okay, here's an easy one for you. Can you tell me what all of these things have in common? A plan, a reservation, an appointment, an arrangement. Well, yes, these are all talking about plans, making plans. And for all these, we use make. Make a plan, make a reservation, make an appointment. And here are some other examples. You can make a booking or make a commitment and make an agreement. OK, a commitment or agreement in some way, you are talking about a plan for the future. So we use make.

OK, this next category is a little bit more difficult, but let's see if you can see what these things have in common. Effort, decisions, choice, mistakes. Well, these are all words that we can use to talk about progress. Imagine you are doing some project or some job at work. To talk about the progress, these are some common words that you will use, and we use make for these. Some other examples of this are the word progress, make progress, make changes, make mistakes, make improvements and make a difference.

OK, this next category is easy. I'm sure you can tell me what these things have in common. Let's have a look: a promise, a comment, a noise, an excuse, a suggestion, a joke. Yes, these are all things that we say. They're all sounds that we speak or noises in general. And when we're talking about sounds or speaking, we use make, make a promise, make an excuse, make noise, make a joke, etc. There are many other examples of this, but here are a few for you. Make a complaint, make a confession, make a phone call, make an apology, make a prediction.

5:47 Expressions with MAKE
[Transcription unavailable...]

6:38 DO or MAKE a favour?
[Transcription unavailable...]

7:30 Summary of when to use MAKE in English
[Transcription unavailable...]

8:20 When to use DO in English grammar
[Transcription unavailable...]

12:06 Summary of when to use DO in English
[Transcription unavailable...]


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🔥 EXPLAINED! The Rule For MAKE and DO in English Grammar

The Rule For MAKE and DO in English Grammar

(UK) /kəˈnʌn.drəm/Meaning: A confusing and difficult problem or question.Example: Solving this math problem was a conundrum that took me hours to figure out.

Conundrum (n.)

(UK) /ɪˈfem.ər.əl/Meaning: Lasting for a very short time.Example: The beauty of cherry blossoms is ephemeral and only lasts for a few days.

Ephemeral (adj.)

(UK) /ɪnˈskruː.tə.bəl/Meaning: Difficult to understand or interpret.Example: The ancient text was inscrutable to the modern scholar without translation.

Inscrutable (adj.)

(UK) /ˈmɪr.i.əd/Meaning: A very large number or variety.Example: The book contained a myriad of facts and figures about the history of the region.

Myriad (n./adj.)

(UK) /nɪˈfeə.ri.əs/Meaning: Wicked or criminal.Example: The thieves had a nefarious plan to rob the bank and get away with the money.

Nefarious (adj.)

(UK) /ˈkwer.ʊ.ləs/Meaning: Complaining or whining in a petulant manner.Example: The querulous child whined about not getting the toy he wanted.

Querulous (adj.)

(UK) /ˈseɪ.li.ənt/Meaning: Most noticeable or important.Example: The salient point of the argument was that the proposal was too expensive.

Salient (adj.)

(UK) /juːˈbɪk.wɪ.təs/Meaning: Present, appearing, or found everywhere.Example: Fast food chains are ubiquitous in the United States.

Ubiquitous (adj.)

(UK) /vekˈseɪ.ʃəs/Meaning: Causing annoyance, frustration, or worry.Example: The vexatious noise of the construction site next door kept the neighbors up all night.

Vexatious (adj.)

(UK) /ˈzel.əs/Meaning: Having great enthusiasm or passion for something.Example: The zealous artist poured his heart and soul into his paintings.

Zealous (adj.)

(UK) /ˌæb.əˈreɪ.ʃən/Meaning: A departure from what is normal, usual, or expected.Example: The athlete's poor performance in the competition was an abberation from his usual record.

Aberration (n.)

(UK) /bɒmˈbæs.tɪk/Meaning: High-sounding but with little meaning, inflated.Example: The CEO's email to employees was filled with bombastic language about the company's success.

Bombastic (adj.)

(UK) /kəˈkɒf.ə.ni/Meaning: A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds.Example: The construction site next door was a cacophony of drilling, hammering, and shouting.

Cacophony (n.)

(UK) /dɪˈspær.ɪdʒ/Meaning: Regard or represent as being of little worth, belittle.Example: The politician's opponent disparage his record as a failed leader.

Disparage (v.)

(UK) /ɪˈnɪɡ.mə/Meaning: A person, thing, or situation that is mysterious, puzzling, or difficult to understand.Example: The disappearance of the plane remains an enigma to investigators.

Enigma (n.)

(UK) /ˈfɜː.tɪv/Meaning: Attempting to avoid notice or attention, secretive.Example: The spy's furtive movements were captured on video by a surveillance camera.

Furtive (adj.)

(UK) /ɡrɪˈɡeə.ri.əs/Meaning: Fond of company, sociable.Example: The dog was so gregarious that it greeted every visitor to the house with wagging tail.

Gregarious (adj.)

(UK) /ˈhɑː.bɪn.dʒər/Meaning: A person or thing that announces or signals the approach of another.Example: The first snowfall of the year is often seen as a harbinger of winter.

Harbinger (n.)

(UK) /ˌæk.si.əˈmæt.ɪk/Meaning: Self-evident, unquestionable.Example: The idea that people have the right to free speech is axiomatic in democratic societies.

Axiomatic (adj.)

(UK) /ˌek.wəˈnɪm.ɪ.ti/Meaning: Calmness, composure, evenness of temper.Example: He faced the criticism with equanimity and did not let it bother him.

Equanimity (n.)

(UK) /ˈdʒen.ju.flekt/Meaning: To kneel, bow or bend in reverence or worship.Example: The athlete genuflected before the game as a sign of respect for his opponents.

Genuflect (v.)

(UK) /ɪnˈtræn.sɪ.dʒənt/Meaning: Stubborn, unwilling to compromise.Example: The union leaders were intransigent in their demands for higher wages.

Intransigent (adj.)

(UK) /ˌdʒʌk.stəˈpəʊz/Meaning: To place side by side for comparison or contrast.Example: The author juxtaposed the protagonist's inner thoughts with her outward actions.

Juxtapose (v.)

(UK) /ˈlɪm.pɪd/Meaning: Clear, transparent, easy to understand.Example: Her voice was a limpid and pure as a mountain stream.

Limpid (adj.)

(UK) /ˌmet.əˈmɔː.fə.sɪs/Meaning: A profound change in form or nature.Example: Her experiences during the war caused a metamorphosis in her beliefs and attitudes.

Metamorphosis (n.)

(UK) /ˌpɜː.spɪˈkeɪ.ʃəs/Meaning: Having keen insight, mentally sharp.Example: The perspicacious detective quickly solved the crime.

Perspicacious (adj.)

(UK) /ˈkwer.ʊ.ləs/Meaning: Complaining, whining, fretful.Example: The patient was querulous and demanded constant attention from the nurses.

(UK) /vɪˈtʃuː.pər.eɪt/Meaning: To criticize or berate harshly, to use abusive language towards.Example: He vituperated his boss in a scathing email that he later regretted sending.

Vituperate (v.)

(UK) /ˌnɒnˈplʌst/Meaning: Bewildered, confused, unsure how to react.Example: She was left feeling nonplussed by the strange turn of events.

Nonplussed (adj.)

(UK) /ˈɒb.dʒʊ.rət/Meaning: Stubborn, unyielding, resistant to persuasion.Example: The obdurate boss would not listen to any suggestions from her employees.

Obdurate (adj.)

C2 words for IELTS - Group 2. These 30 words are at Level C2 (the highest level) so you can test your skills and improve your vocabulary.

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Self-perception theory suggests that our behaviors can influence our attitudes, rather than the other way around.Example: smiling in the mirror before entering a room to improve mood. This idea is supported by James Laird's 1970s experiments, where participants who smiled reported feeling happier than those who frowned.

Intro

Bem proposed that people form attitudes by observing their own behaviors, especially in new or ambiguous situations.In one study, participants judged a man who lied for $1 as enjoying lying more than one who lied for $20, suggesting that lower external rewards led them to assume internal motivation.

Daryl Bem's Research (1960s-70s)

A 2010 study on extremist groups found that as members committed more violent acts, their attitudes shifted to justify their actions. This reinforces the idea that behavior shapes beliefs, not just the reverse.

Modern Applications

<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">Cognitive dissonance occurs when conflicting beliefs cause discomfort, leading people to adjust their attitudes before acting.</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Self-perception theory applies when attitudes are unclear, and people infer their beliefs after observing their own actions.</li></ul>Psychologists suggest both theories can co-exist: cognitive dissonance dominates with strong pre-existing beliefs, while self-perception applies in ambiguous situations.

Self-Perception vs. Cognitive Dissonance

Techniques like the foot-in-the-door method use small initial agreements (e.g., letting a salesperson inside) to lead to larger commitments (e.g., buying a product). By saying "yes" to small requests, people adjust their self-image to align with their actions, making them more open to further requests.

Real-World Use: "Yes Ladders" & Marketing

Self Perception Theory is a psychological theory that states whatever people think about themselves, they will perform actions to make those thoughts true, subconsciously or not. Learn more about Self Perception Theory: https://practicalpie.com/self-perception-theory/

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Practical Psychology

Self Perception Theory (vs Cognitive Dissonance) + Examples

This theory explores how people explain others' behavior. Humans naturally try to understand actions, whether analyzing a friend's partner or a stranger running in public. Psychologists study both behavior and how people interpret it, calling this process attribution—how we assign causes to actions, often making mistakes.

What is Attribution Theory?

<ol><li class="ql-align-justify">Dispositional (Internal) Attribution: Behavior is due to personality (e.g., someone crying on the subway because they're emotionally unstable).</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Situational (External) Attribution: Behavior is due to circumstances (e.g., crying because of a breakup).</li></ol>

Fritz Heider Introduced Two Key Types of Attribution

Suggests we attribute our own actions to situations but others’ actions to their character.

The Actor-Observer Bias

Explains when we use internal attribution:If behavior is intentional, unusual, directed at someone, or harmful/helpful, we assume it reflects personality (e.g., street harassment is seen as the harasser's trait).

Jones and Davis's Correspondent Inference Theory

Outlines three factors to determine attribution:<ol><li class="ql-align-justify">Consensus: Do others act the same way in the situation? (High = external; Low = internal).</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Distinctiveness: Does the person act differently in other situations? (High = external; Low = internal).</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Consistency: Does the person always act this way in this situation? (High = internal; Low = external).</li></ol>

Harold Kelly’s Covariation Model (1973)

Example: A friend buys expensive champagne at a dinner party. If they always do this (low distinctiveness, high consistency) and others don’t (low consensus), you’d attribute it to their personality. If it’s unusual (high distinctiveness) and others are also splurging (high consensus), you'd blame the situation (e.g., a celebration).

With strangers, we rely on assumptions (e.g., a fancy suit means wealth). While attributions aren’t always accurate, understanding these theories helps refine how we judge behavior.

Foreword

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Human Resources

Attribution Theory (Examples and What it is)

Adler says, “You are not living to satisfy other people’s expectations.” And further, “Other people are not living to satisfy your expectations.” Don’t be afraid of who might be watching; don’t pay attention to other people’s judgment; and don’t seek recognition from oth- ers. Just choose the path that is best for you, and that you believe in. Furthermore, you must not intervene in other people’s tasks, and you must not allow others to intervene in your tasks either. To those who are new to Adlerian psychology, this is a concept that has a great impact.

Quote #1

The objective of education, in a word, is self-reliance.

Quote #2

There are two objectives for behavior:<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">To be self-reliant.</li><li class="ql-align-justify">To live in harmony with society.</li></ul>And there are two objectives for the psychology that sup- ports these behaviors:<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">The consciousness that I have the ability.</li><li class="ql-align-justify">The consciousness that people are my comrades.</li></ul>

Quote #3

Educators and leaders must ascertain the children’s goals instead of focusing only on their actions.

Quote #4

Youth: But if you don’t praise them at that point, they’ll lose their drive and turn into children who don’t do anything at all. And in some cases, they’ll start engaging in improper behavior, won’t they?Philosopher: No. You teach them continually that they have worth, even if they are not “special,” by showing them respect.Youth: Concretely speaking, how do you do that?Philosopher: Instead of focusing on whenever a child does some “good thing,” turn your attention to the smaller everyday details of their words and actions. And then focus on and sympathize with that person’s concerns.

Quote #5

Philosopher: The fifth stage of problem behavior is “proof of incompetence.”Youth: Proof of incompetence?Philosopher: That’s right. Here, please try to think about it as if it were you yourself. Though you have taken all sorts of steps to ensure that you will be treated as a “special being,” none of them is going as planned. Your parents and teachers, and even your classmates, are not hating you as you wish them to. You cannot find a “place to be” in either the classroom or at home.

Quote #6

The objective of education is “self-reliance.” And the educator is a “counselor.”

Quote #7

Youth: A sickness of the entire classroom?Philosopher: Yes, it is a disease called the principle of competition. What is needed of educators is to look at the community in which the problem behavior is occurring, not at the individual who is engaging in it. And then, instead of attempting to treat the individual, to go about treating the community itself.

Quote #8

Adlerian psychology is a horizontal relationship–based “psychology of democracy.”

Quote #9

By saving another person, one tries to be saved oneself. By passing oneself off as a kind of savior, one attempts to realize one’s own worth. This is one form of the superiority complex that people who cannot dispel their feelings of inferiority often fall into, and is generally referred to as a “messiah complex.” It is a mental perversion of wanting to be a messiah, a savior of others.

Quote #10

Philosopher: Being self-centered does not mean looking only at oneself because one “likes oneself.” In actuality, the opposite is the case, and it is because one is unable to accept oneself as one is, and because one is constantly beset with anxiety, that one has concern only for oneself.Youth: So, you’re saying that because I “hate myself,” I look only at myself!?Philosopher: Yes, that’s right.

Quote #11

Philosopher: Self-reliance is “breaking away from self- centeredness.”Youth: … !!Philosopher: This is why Adler called community feeling “social interest,” and also referred to it as concern for soci- ety and concern for others. We have to get past our obsti- nate self-centeredness and stop trying to be the center of the world. One has to break away from “me.” One has to break away from one’s pampered childhood lifestyle.

Quote #12

Philosopher: Marriage is not a matter of choosing a “target.” It is a matter of choosing one’s way of living.Youth: Choosing a way of living! Then, the “target” can be anyone?Philosopher: Ultimately, yes.Youth: Don’t mess around!! Who would ever recognize such a statement? Retract that, retract it right away!!Philosopher: I recognize that this is a view that is met with a great deal of opposition. But we are able to love anyone.

Quote #13

Of course, there are many people who felt “destiny” on meeting someone and decided to get married in accordance with that intuition. But that is not a previously established destiny. It is only that one decided to believe it was destiny. As Fromm remarked, “Loving someone is not simply an intense emotion. It is a decision, it is a judgment, it is a promise.” It doesn’t matter how the meeting happens, if one makes the firm decision to build real love from that point, and one confronts the “task accomplished by two people.” Love is possible with any partner.

Quote #14

Youth: Love and marriage are the dance that two people make together. Philosopher: You are standing now at the edge of the dance floor of life and watching other people dance. You are assuming that “there couldn’t be anyone who would dance with someone like me,” while in your heart you are waiting impatiently for your “destined one” to reach their hand out to you. You are doing everything you can to endure and to protect yourself, so that you do not feel any more miserable than you do already, and so that you do not begin to dislike yourself.

Quote #15

There is one thing that you should do. Take the hand of the person beside you and try to do the best dance that you can possibly do in that moment. Your destiny will start from there.

Quote #16

A single book can change your life. Already an enormous bestseller in Asia, with more than 3 million copies sold, The Courage to be Disliked demonstrates how to unlock the power within yourself to be the person you truly want to be. Using the theories of Alfred Adler, one of the three giants of 19th century psychology alongside Freud and Jung, it follows an illuminating conversation between a philosopher and a young man. The philosopher explains to his pupil how each of us is able to determine our own lives, free of the shackles of past experiences, doubts and the expectations of others. It's a way of thinking that's deeply liberating, allowing us to develop the courage to change, and to ignore the limitations that we and those around us can place on ourselves. The result is a book that is both highly accessible and profound in its importance. Millions have already read and benefited from its wisdom. Now that The Courage to be Disliked has been published for the first time in English, so can you

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Ichiro KISHIMI Philosopher, Adlerian psychologist and translator of English and German languages. Born in 1956.M.A.in philosophy from Kyoto University. Director of the Japanese Society of Adlerian psychology. Former counselor at Maeda Clinic in Kyoto and has taught philosophy and ancient Greek at various institutions such as Kyoto University of Education and Nara Women's University. He presently teaches educational psychology and clinical psychology at Meiji School of Oriental Medicine in Suita, Osaka. Kishimi now has his own private counseling office in Kameoka, Kyoto, and devotes his time to giving lectures on Adlerian Psychology and child education.

Ichiro Kishimi

Fumitake Koga is an accomplished writer whose work has resonated with readers around the world. Fumitake Koga has published several books that explore a range of topics, from fiction to nonfiction, and has received critical acclaim for the ability to weave compelling narratives. Fumitake Koga's writing style is known for its depth and authenticity, and has earned quite a loyal following of readers.

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The Courage to Be Disliked

One morning, as Gregor Samsa was waking up from anxious dreams, he discovered that in bed he had been changed into a monstrous vermin.

The sister whispered, "Gregor, open the door—I beg you." Gregor had no intention of opening the door, but congratulated himself on his precaution, acquired from traveling, of locking all doors during the night, even at home.

And for a little while longer he lay quietly with weak breathing, as if perhaps waiting for normal and natural conditions to re-emerge out of the complete stillness.

All right, people did not understand his words any more, although they seemed clear enough to him, clearer than previously, perhaps because his ears had gotten used to them. But at least people now thought that things were not all right with him and were prepared to help him. The confidence and assurance with which the first arrangements had been carried out made him feel good. He felt himself included once again in the circle of humanity and was expecting from both the doctor and the locksmith, without differentiating between them with any real precision, splendid and surprising results.

Imagining that all his efforts were being followed with suspense, he bit down frantically on the key with all the force he could muster. As the key turned more, he danced around the lock.

Gregor was now shut off from his mother, who was perhaps near death, thanks to him. He could not open the door, and he did not want to chase away his sister who had to remain with her mother. At this point he has nothing to do but wait, and overwhelmed with self-reproach and worry, he began to creep and crawl over everything.

It was clear to Gregor that his father had badly misunderstood Grete's short message and was assuming that Gregor had committed some violent crime or other.

As her hands reached to the back of his father's head and she begged him to spare Gregor's life.

He did not wish to let her go from his room any more, at least not as long he lived. his frightening appearance would for the first time become useful for him. He wanted to be at all the doors of his room simultaneously and snarl back at the attackers. However, his sister should not be compelled but would remain with him voluntarily.

Then the door of the bed room opened, and Mr. Samsa appeared in his uniform, with his wife on one arm and his daughter on the other. All were a little tear stained. Now and then Grete pressed her face onto her father's arm.

Growing more silent and almost unconsciously understanding each other in their glances, they thought that the time was now at hand to seek out a good honest man for her.

The Metamorphosis (German: Die Verwandlung, also sometimes translated as The Transformation) is a novella by Franz Kafka, first published in 1915. It has been called one of the seminal works of fiction of the 20th century and is studied in colleges and universities across the Western world. The story begins with a traveling salesman, Gregor Samsa, waking to find himself transformed (metamorphosed) into a large, monstrous insect-like creature. The cause of Gregor's transformation is never revealed, and Kafka himself never gave an explanation. The rest of Kafka's novella deals with Gregor's attempts to adjust to his new condition as he deals with being burdensome to his parents and sister, who are repelled by the horrible, verminous creature Gregor has become.

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